Carey & Shugart (1994)

Carey & Shugart. 1994. “Incentives to Cultivate a Personal Vote: a Rank Ordering of Electoral Formulas,” Electoral Studies 14(4): 417-439.

Campaigning on personal, rather than party reputation.

Abstract.
In this article, we present a method for estimating the relative value to legislators (and candidates for legislative seats) of personal reputations vs. party reputations for advancing political careers.

Variables:
(1) ballot control (2) vote pooling (3) types of votes (4) district magnitude

Electoral system makes a difference (418).
“…it is widely accepted that in open list systems, personal reputation is more valuable to legislative candidates than in close list systems” (418).

Operationalization:
Rank ordering of systems

Representation focus:

People’s political knowledge is going to vary; we expect this. At a certain level we do not vote our personal interests. Tragic. A coherent ideology is a necessary precondition to be political sophistication. And thus competition that is framed around ideologies matter.
In both PR and SMD systems there are some candidate focused elections and some party focused elections.

Candidate centered: Focus on individuals where personalities matter.

The casual mechanism might be institutionalized incentives to cultivate a personal vote; not party affiliation or policy positions.