Katz (1986)

“Intra-party Preference Voting”

Barack Obama supporters are more median voters. Uniting. We are purple. Not as concerned with the means.

Participation costs:
Rallies (faithful, or not? Social acceptance, or not? Politics is trendy, now).
Watching a debate (whether or not you will watch. What is the independent variable? debate format? Divisiveness? Candidates similarity?).
Wearing a sticker.
(who are invested).
Depends on rewards:
1. material: Tangible rewards that can easily be converted into money.
2. solidarity: Intangible rewards that stem from social interaction.
3. purposive: intrinsic rewards that derive from the act of participation itself.

Preference voting; where does it happen?
Where pref. voting occurs:
A candidate cannot rely solely on his or her party for election. “Rather at some point he must distinguish himself from the other candidates of the same party in order to compete for preference votes. This requires the development of an independent base of support within, or in addition to, the regular party apparatus” (101). (In the primaries, in the US, candidates Distinguish themselves by picking different policies!!! Once the general election rolls around, they move to characteristic centered talk/campaigning).
Why do we focus on personal characteristics? The middle is where we need to sway. Not goin to sway swing voters with policy. They are paying attention, now, but not to specifics. Strictly character difference. Dumbed down, etc. because they understand the more personal things.
What is preference voting? Making a list. 2nd vote getting can get a seat, as party captures more vote. (3 seat district??). quotas. Take all votes for least popular candidate and move them up. The votes from the bottom do not come up until quotas are full.
Intraparty turnover
Do incumbents lose on account of intra or inter?
Look at party cohesion, form the inside. Which part. Members actually get elected will determine policy production.
STV (single transferable vote)
SNTV (single nontransferable vote): Japan; candidates run for more than one party; you have only one vote. You as a party may lose some seats if the candidate is too popular (how?). LDP powers in government distributed benefits (so you definitely voted for LDP in your district), and one person campaigned in one district, and another person in another district, and then the LDP gave away cash and the district voted for their particular representative.
SMD (single member district)
Plurality: through use of direct primary, allows for pref. voting. Candidate reputations are really important in the US.

What is the role of ideology?
Two candidates of the same party to compete for a vote (list PR), generates intraparty pref. voting. Which creates a focus on candidates reps. Not parties.

Intraparty preference voting is important in Ireland’s system, as well as Malta’s primary.

The primary is important. Who would lead if there were no primary (if party leaders chose who was going to run on the ticket). But it has made personalities more important.